US+Unit+5+Test+Review

Here are the terms for the US History Unit 5 Study Guide - I'm giving you the access to add information or remove it. To not take Stan Lee for granted, "with great power comes great responsibility." Please only add educational information.

hi mr finge!!!!!!!! :) =Chapter 16=
 * ===Vertical & Horizontal Integration===
 * Rockefeller used horizontal integration(controlling all of one segment in production) for oil.
 * Owned a monopoly by buying out all other oil companies. Controls all of 1 level of industry.
 * Carnegie used vertical integration(controlling every aspect in production from the ground up) for steel.
 * Owned virtually every aspect of the steel industry. Cut out the middle man. "Mine to Market"
 * ===Knights of Labor & American Federation of Labor===
 * craft unions formed for skilled workers
 * Knights of Labor were the earliest significant labor union
 * led by Terrence V. Powderly
 * The American Federation of Labor was an even more influential union that was splinter group from the Knights of Labor
 * led by Samuel Gompers
 * most enduring achievement = their fight for the acceptance of the 8-hour work day as standard
 * ===New & Old Immigrant===
 * New immigrants came from South and East Europ e; Italy, Greece, Russia, and also China
 * Old Immigrants were from Britain and Germany
 * previously made up the highest percentage of American immigrants before the Civil War
 * Many of the new immigrants had trouble finding jobs and settled in crowded cities doing extraneous work for little pay
 * The Old Immigrants generally were not accepting (reacted negatively) of the cultures and traditions of the New Immigrants
 * ===Morgan, Vanderbilt, & Duke===
 * Captains of Industry -- "Robber Barons"
 * Buchanan Duke created an efficient cigarette rolling machine industry.
 * Duke controlled 90% of the nation's cigarette market with the founding of the American Tobacco Company.
 * He also became a leader in developing hydroelectric power
 * 1st to create a national + international market for tobacco products
 * supporter of the "New South"
 * Vanderbilt had a bridge and rail business as well as a prominent ferry business.
 * "Commodore"
 * by 1860 he controlled much of the nation's shipping
 * Morgan made his money off of i nvestments and banking
 * bought out Carnegie Steel in 1901
 * became the symbol of the power and prestige at the top of America's industrial pyramid

=Chapter 17=
 * ===Sioux War===
 * Series of conflicts between the Americans and Sioux Indians.
 * The US kept forcing Native Americans off of their land, finally they retaliated.
 * At the Battle of Little Bighorn, Custer divided his troops to sneak up on the Indians, but Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse knew it was coming and completely destroyed Custer and his men.
 * Sitting Bull - Political Leader of the Sioux
 * Crazy Horse - Military Leader of the Sioux
 * It was the climax of the Indian wars.

=Chapter 18=
 * **Open Door Policy**
 * John Hay's (US Secretary of State) attempt to open trade with China
 * The US didn't have any trade, but other nations did (GB, FR, RUS, etc) - we asked them to "open their door" on their sphere of influence in China. Each did so only if all of the other countries did so as well.
 * This allowed the US to have open trade with China.
 * Led to the Boxer Rebellion - Chinese militant group that detested the "foreign devils" of Europe and the West. We went to China to put down the rebellion.
 * ===Seward's Folly===
 * Seward sought to annex Alaska to the U.S. but many people disagreed because they believed it would not be beneficial because they did not know of the natural resources.
 * Alaska provided gold, oil, etc.
 * wanted to buy the land for $7.2 million
 * Also named "Seward's Ice Box"
 * ===Annexation of Hawaii===
 * Hawaii was a booming sugar industry and a hot spot for whalers and merchants. Hawaii was ruled by native kings then in 1891 Queen Liliuokalani took over, she didn't give planters much say, so they revolted against her and asked the US if they could be a state. After a lot of conflict and debate about making Hawaii a state Congress finally passed the annex. of HA Partly b/c the US wanted a closer naval base.
 * President Grover Cleveland refused to annex the islands but in 1898 when McKinley was in office, he allowed the annexation of the islands.
 * ===Splendid Little War===
 * The Spanish American War
 * Called the Splendid Little War because it lasted merely 4 months (April - July 1898) and the US dominated.
 * As a result, we gained several territories, like Guatemala, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
 * it lasted for about 4 months and only 379 Americans died, but 10x's that died from diseases in Cuba or from unsanitary camps.
 * Manila Bay-300 Spanish Killed and 8 Americans wounded.
 * Sontiago Bay- 1 American killed, 300 Spanish killed.
 * Theodore Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders" played an integral role in combat during this war.
 * Racism was significant as well as the Cubans (US was defending) were dark-skinned, while the Spanish (US was fighting) looked very similar to us.
 * ===De Lome Letter===
 * This was one of the main reasons for going to war with Spain in the Spanish-American War of 1898.
 * On February 9, 1898, The New York Journals published a stolen letter written by Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lome. In this letter, de Lome denounced Mckinley as being "weak and bidder for the admiration of the crowd ." Furthermore, De Lome resigned, but the Spanish-American relations grew worse.
 * ===U.S.S. Maine===
 * Considered the "final straw" between the U.S. and Spain. Immediately led to the Spanish-American war.
 * An American battleship that was mysteriously blown up while in Havana Harbor, Cuba, attempting to protect Americans who were in Cuba.
 * Americans assumed that it was the Spanish who had done the deed.
 * 260 Americans died in this explosion. 1/3 of the crew.
 * ===16th - 19th amendments===
 * 16: income tax (government can put an income tax on us) capitalism to socialism
 * 17:direct selection of senators (we can elect the senators) republic to democracy
 * 18:prohibition of alcohol (repealed by the 21st) legislation of morality
 * 'Moral legislature' that sought to tell people how to live their lives, wasn't effective
 * Speak-Easys (Illegal, underground bars) developed, encouraged the 'Roaring Twenties'.
 * 19: woman's suffrage (right to vote)
 * All four passed during the Progressive Era of United States History
 * ===Initiative, Referendum, Recall===
 * Initiative: process in which voters initiate legislation by presenting petitions to their legislature that require the legislatures to consider some action
 * Referendum: allows the people to vote yes or no in a regular election to determine whether a law should be enacted or rejected
 * Recall: voters petition to hold a special election deciding whether to remove an elected official from office
 * these were under the Direct democracy
 * ===Plessy v. Ferguson===
 * "separate, but equal"
 * Stated that blacks and whites would have the same facilities such as movie theaters, public restrooms, libraries, etc; but they would be separate. The problem was that the white facilities were funded by congress, but the blacks' weren't. This lead to the whites having way nicer and well kept facilities while the blacks' became run down and dingy.
 * Gave the legislators the legal justice they needed to pass the "Jim Crow Laws".
 * Legalized segregation for 60 years.
 * ===Panama Canal===
 * Manipulative international diplomacy to gained a canal by aiding a revolution in Panama to overthrow the Colombian government.
 * it greatly helps boat travel and it was man made
 * It was under the umbrella of Roosevelt's "Big Stick Policy"
 * This led to the treaty "Hay& Bunae-Varilla" (treaty to buy canal) - "Treaty no panamanian signed" as the US negotiated with the French
 * he sent troops down to Panama to protect them from the Spanish, but he did this to work his way into getting and buying the panamanian territory.
 * "You were accused of seduction and you have conclusively proven that you were guilty of rape" comment to Theodore Roosevelt after the plot to gain the canal was revealed.
 * ===The Jungle===
 * Upton Sinclair's novel written to show the horrors of the meat packing industry. An example of 'Muck-raking'.
 * Exposed unsanitary practices in various industries.
 * This resulted in the establishment of the Food and Drug Act (FDA) which regulates the food and drug industry to ensure safe and clean working conditions.

=Chapter 19=
 * ===Lusitania===
 * A //British passenger ship//, //sunk by a German u-boat// on the way from New York to England.
 * Germans had //suspicions that the ship was carrying supplies for British troops//.
 * //128 Americans died//
 * This //started the anger towards German before the war//
 * ===Zimmerman Telegram===
 * A //telegram// that was //intercepted by Great Britain from Germany to Mexico.//
 * ‘Room 40’, the foremost team of British cryptographers, intercepted and decoded the telegram.
 * The telegram was released to America’s Press
 * The // Germans encouraged Mexico to join the war against the U.S .// and offered incentives
 * Germany would //help Mexico take back the ‘lost’ territories//, which comprised //most of the South West United States//.
 * Also provide financial support to purchase weapons.
 * The //last straw//, //brought US into the war on April 6, 1917, declared by President Wilson.//
 * ===Schenck v. United States===
 * //"Clear and present danger"//
 * //Government has the right to limit freedom of speech, particularly during the time of the war//
 * ===War Industries Board===
 * President Woodrow Wilson created the War Industries Board in //1917// to //ensure that factories produces enough military weapons for World War I//
 * After two other heads of the General Munitions Board, //Bernard Baruch took over, and reorganized//
 * He established the practice of bidding out government contracts and privatized the industry.
 * This was more expensive, but got the job done, whereas previously, the government's needs had been ignored
 * ===New York's 369th Regiment===
 * American regiment that // served the longest out of any American regiment .//
 * Were called the Harlem Hellfighters
 * //A group of black men, served for France because in America, blacks and whites could not serve on the front lines together.//
 * This regiment //received the French 'croix de querre' (war cross) equivalent to our medal of honor//.